#537

Medium

LeetCode Problem Workspace

Complex Number Multiplication

This problem requires multiplying two complex numbers, given in string form, and returning the result in the same format.

math string simulation

Problem Statement

A complex number is represented in the form of "real+imaginaryi", where the real and imaginary parts are integers, and the imaginary part is followed by an 'i'. Given two complex numbers in this string format, your task is to return a string that represents the product of these two numbers in the same format.

For example, if num1 is "1+1i" and num2 is "1+1i", you should return the string representing their product as "0+2i". Similarly, the product of "1+-1i" and "1+-1i" should result in the string "0+-2i". This problem focuses on correct string manipulation and mathematical operations involving complex numbers.

Examples

Example 1

Input: num1 = "1+1i", num2 = "1+1i"

Output: "0+2i"

(1 + i) * (1 + i) = 1 + i2 + 2 * i = 2i, and you need convert it to the form of 0+2i.

Example 2

Input: num1 = "1+-1i", num2 = "1+-1i"

Output: "0+-2i"

(1 - i) * (1 - i) = 1 + i2 - 2 * i = -2i, and you need convert it to the form of 0+-2i.

Constraints

num1 and num2 are valid complex numbers.

Solution Approach

Extract the real and imaginary parts

Parse the input strings to separate the real and imaginary parts of both complex numbers. This can be achieved by finding the position of the '+' or '-' signs in each string and splitting the components accordingly.

Perform the multiplication

Use the formula for multiplying complex numbers: (a+bi) * (c+di) = (ac-bd) + (ad+bc)i, where a and b are the real and imaginary parts of num1, and c and d are the real and imaginary parts of num2. This will give the real and imaginary parts of the product.

Reformat the result

Convert the resulting real and imaginary parts back into a string in the format 'real+imaginaryi'. Ensure that any negative signs in the imaginary part are handled properly, especially when converting from negative results.

Complexity Analysis

Metric	Value
Time	Depends on the final approach
Space	Depends on the final approach

The time complexity depends on the parsing and string manipulation involved in extracting and formatting the complex number components. In the worst case, the algorithm runs in O(n) time, where n is the length of the input strings. The space complexity is O(1) as only a few variables are used for calculation.

What Interviewers Usually Probe

Evaluates the candidate's ability to handle string manipulation effectively.
Tests understanding of complex number arithmetic and correct use of the multiplication formula.
Examines the candidate's ability to reformat a result based on specific requirements.

Common Pitfalls or Variants

Common pitfalls

Forgetting to correctly parse the input strings, especially when the signs are negative.
Incorrectly formatting the result when the imaginary part is negative, leading to a malformed output.
Misunderstanding the complex number multiplication formula, especially when handling the imaginary component.

Follow-up variants

Implementing the solution with a different method of extracting the real and imaginary parts, such as using regular expressions.
Handling edge cases where the real or imaginary parts are zero.
Optimizing the solution for different input formats or handling inputs with larger sizes.

FAQ

How do I multiply complex numbers in string format?

To multiply complex numbers in string format, first extract the real and imaginary parts, perform the multiplication using the formula, and then reformat the result into a string.

What is the expected time complexity of this problem?

The time complexity is O(n), where n is the length of the input strings. This accounts for parsing and string manipulation.

What if the input has a negative imaginary part?

Ensure that the negative sign is correctly handled when splitting and formatting the result, particularly when the imaginary part is negative.

How do I handle edge cases like zero real or imaginary parts?

Handle these cases by ensuring that the real or imaginary part is still included in the final output, even if it is zero, such as '0+2i' or '3+0i'.

What pattern does this problem involve?

This problem involves the 'Math plus String' pattern, where you need to combine string manipulation with basic mathematical operations to achieve the correct result.

terminal

Solution

Solution 1: Simulation

We can convert the complex number string into its real part $a$ and imaginary part $b$, and then use the formula for complex number multiplication $(a_1 + b_1i) \times (a_2 + b_2i) = (a_1a_2 - b_1b_2) + (a_1b_2 + a_2b_1)i$ to calculate the result.

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class Solution:
    def complexNumberMultiply(self, num1: str, num2: str) -> str:
        a1, b1 = map(int, num1[:-1].split("+"))
        a2, b2 = map(int, num2[:-1].split("+"))
        return f"{a1 * a2 - b1 * b2}+{a1 * b2 + a2 * b1}i"

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