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滑动谜题

在一个 2 x 3 的板上( board )有 5 块砖瓦,用数字 1~5 来表示, 以及一块空缺用 0 来表示。一次 移动 定义为选择 0 与一个相邻的数字(上下左右)进行交换. 最终当板 board 的结果是 [[1,2,3],[4,5,0]] 谜板被解开。 给出一个谜板的初始状态 board …

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code_blocks

3

代码语言

hub

3

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困难 · 状态·转移·动态规划

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答案摘要

class Solution: def slidingPuzzle(self, board: List[List[int]]) -> int:

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题目描述

在一个 2 x 3 的板上(board)有 5 块砖瓦,用数字 1~5 来表示, 以及一块空缺用 0 来表示。一次 移动 定义为选择 0 与一个相邻的数字(上下左右)进行交换.

最终当板 board 的结果是 [[1,2,3],[4,5,0]] 谜板被解开。

给出一个谜板的初始状态 board ,返回最少可以通过多少次移动解开谜板,如果不能解开谜板,则返回 -1

 

示例 1:

输入:board = [[1,2,3],[4,0,5]]
输出:1
解释:交换 0 和 5 ,1 步完成

示例 2:

输入:board = [[1,2,3],[5,4,0]]
输出:-1
解释:没有办法完成谜板

示例 3:

输入:board = [[4,1,2],[5,0,3]]
输出:5
解释:
最少完成谜板的最少移动次数是 5 ,
一种移动路径:
尚未移动: [[4,1,2],[5,0,3]]
移动 1 次: [[4,1,2],[0,5,3]]
移动 2 次: [[0,1,2],[4,5,3]]
移动 3 次: [[1,0,2],[4,5,3]]
移动 4 次: [[1,2,0],[4,5,3]]
移动 5 次: [[1,2,3],[4,5,0]]

 

提示:

  • board.length == 2
  • board[i].length == 3
  • 0 <= board[i][j] <= 5
  • board[i][j] 中每个值都 不同
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解题思路

方法一

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class Solution:
    def slidingPuzzle(self, board: List[List[int]]) -> int:
        t = [None] * 6

        def gets():
            for i in range(2):
                for j in range(3):
                    t[i * 3 + j] = str(board[i][j])
            return ''.join(t)

        def setb(s):
            for i in range(2):
                for j in range(3):
                    board[i][j] = int(s[i * 3 + j])

        def f():
            res = []
            i, j = next((i, j) for i in range(2) for j in range(3) if board[i][j] == 0)
            for a, b in [[0, -1], [0, 1], [1, 0], [-1, 0]]:
                x, y = i + a, j + b
                if 0 <= x < 2 and 0 <= y < 3:
                    board[i][j], board[x][y] = board[x][y], board[i][j]
                    res.append(gets())
                    board[i][j], board[x][y] = board[x][y], board[i][j]
            return res

        start = gets()
        end = "123450"
        if start == end:
            return 0
        vis = {start}
        q = deque([(start)])
        ans = 0
        while q:
            ans += 1
            for _ in range(len(q)):
                x = q.popleft()
                setb(x)
                for y in f():
                    if y == end:
                        return ans
                    if y not in vis:
                        vis.add(y)
                        q.append(y)
        return -1
speed

复杂度分析

指标
时间complexity is O((m * n)! * (m * n)) because each unique board state is visited once and generating neighbors takes O(m * n). Space complexity is O((m * n)!) due to storing all visited states.
空间O((m \cdot n)!)
psychology

面试官常问的追问

外企场景
  • question_mark

    Candidate tries BFS but does not track visited states.

  • question_mark

    Candidate fails to map 0's neighbors efficiently, slowing traversal.

  • question_mark

    Candidate confuses solvable and unsolvable board configurations.

warning

常见陷阱

外企场景
  • error

    Not memoizing visited boards leads to exponential runtime.

  • error

    Swapping tiles incorrectly due to wrong index mapping.

  • error

    Returning a move count for unsolvable boards instead of -1.

swap_horiz

进阶变体

外企场景
  • arrow_right_alt

    Generalize to m x n sliding puzzles for larger boards using the same BFS + DP approach.

  • arrow_right_alt

    Return the actual sequence of moves that solves the puzzle, not just the count.

  • arrow_right_alt

    Use A* search with Manhattan distance heuristic instead of pure BFS to optimize performance.

help

常见问题

外企场景

滑动谜题题解:状态·转移·动态规划 | LeetCode #773 困难